Science Rejects Vitalism: 8 Authors (Ss):

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Science Rejects Vitalism: 8 Authors (Ss): Vitalism has been ejected from science for several decades: 01. Saupe, S.G. (PhD ?) [of the College of St. Benedict / St. John's University - Biology Department] states (click here, http://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol115/science_tom_jones.htm ) (archived here, http://web.archive.org/web/20030831042955/http://www.employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol115/science_tom_jones.htm ): "scientific inquiries are based on mechanism [...which] states that the universe is rational, orderly and governed by predictable laws [...] this contrasts with the idea of vitalism that states that the universe is controlled by supernatural processes [...vitalism] contends that living systems possess 'vital forces' that distinguish them from inanimate objects. Religions are vitalistic and science is mechanistic." 02. Scott, A. (? ?) states in "Stairway to the Mind: The Controversial New Science of Consciousness" (1999)(ISBN 0387943811): "viewing mind as spirit is vitalism, which has no place in the scientific theories of modern biology [p.113]." 03. Scott, E.C. (PhD{physical anthropology}?), Eldredge, N. (? ?) state [Scott is the executive director of the National Center for Science Education] in "Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction" (2005)(ISBN 0520246500): "from the ancient Greeks up through the early nineteenth century, people from European cultures believed that living things possessed an elan vital or vital spirit [...] this view was gradually abandoned in science when more detailed study on the structure and functioning of living things repeatedly failed to discover any evidence of such an elan vital [...] vitalistic ways of thinking persist in some East Asian philosophies, such as the concept of chi [p.025]." 04. Scully, E.P. (? ?) [of the Department of Biological Sciences Towson University] states in "Why Is Biology Different?" (click here, http://pages.towson.edu/scully/biology.html ): "[from Mayr (1982)] an insistence on the autonomy
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